According to Gendrich Archer the Traditional Fine Art of Theatre Is

Art adult primarily for aesthetics

In European academic traditions, fine art is developed primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing it from decorative art or applied art, which also has to serve some applied function, such equally pottery or nigh metalwork. In the aesthetic theories developed in the Italian Renaissance, the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination, unrestricted by whatever of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot. It was as well considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, every bit might be necessary with a slice of furniture, for example.^[i] Even within the fine arts, there was a hierarchy of genres based on the corporeality of creative imagination required, with history painting placed college than yet life.

Historically, the 5 master fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and verse, with performing arts including theatre and dance.^[two] In practice, outside educational activity, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts. The sometime master print and drawing were included as related forms to painting, just every bit prose forms of literature were to poesy. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in and so far equally the term remains in use) usually includes boosted modernistic forms, such as motion-picture show, photography, video production/editing, blueprint, and conceptual art.^{[ original research? ] [ opinion ]}

One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its dazzler and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and compages."^[iii] In that sense, in that location are conceptual differences betwixt the fine arts and the decorative arts or practical arts (these two terms covering largely the aforementioned media). Every bit far as the consumer of the fine art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment ordinarily referred to equally having good taste, which differentiated fine fine art from pop art and entertainment.^[4]

The discussion "fine" does not and so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the subject according to traditional Western European canons.^[6] Except in the instance of compages, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions take get substantially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which this is expressed.^[vii]

The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although like genre distinctions can use to the art of other cultures, especially those of Eastern asia. The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically exist for medieval and aboriginal art.

Origins, history and development [edit]

Co-ordinate to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early modern flow in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "In that location was a traditional "system of the arts" in the West before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still accept a similar system.) In that organisation, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their office in the balance of life. "Fine art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing as the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of state of war", "the art of love", and "the fine art of medicine."^[8] Similar ideas have been expressed past Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (due east.g. The Credo of the Aesthetic), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance; Anthony Edgeless notes that the term arti di disegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.^[9]

Merely information technology tin be argued that the classical world, from which very little theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a bottom extent the carvers of engraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries subsequently their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important role of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially equally recorded by Pliny the Elder. Some other types of object, in detail Ancient Greek pottery, are oftentimes signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.

The decline of the concept of "fine fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to effectually 1880. When it "brutal out of mode" equally, by about 1900, folk art was likewise coming to be regarded as significant.^[ten] Finally, at to the lowest degree in circles interested in fine art theory, ""fine fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects".^[11] This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the fine art merchandise and popular opinion to take hold of up. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early on 20th centuries, the move of prices in the art market was in the contrary management, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts. As art in the 21st century fine arts past artist such every bit Timothy Gilbert with his abilities of expression of freedoms and times in cultures capturing insite to canvous.

In the art trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to ascertain the telescopic of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term likewise remains in use in 3rd education, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking globe this is mostly in North America, merely the same is truthful of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish.

Cultural perspectives [edit]

The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the United states of america is non shared past all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the generally landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of courtroom painting and sculpture. Although loftier status was too given to many things that would be seen equally craft objects in the West, in detail ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Similar distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean art. In Islamic art, the highest status was more often than not given to calligraphy, architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were nonetheless very often court employees. Typically they also supplied designs for the best Persian carpets, architectural tiling and other decorative media, more than consistently than happened in the West.

Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Move, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual part. Every bit with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is likewise oftentimes composed of what would normally be considered in the Due west to exist craft product. Some of its near admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.

Visual arts [edit]

2-dimensional works [edit]

Painting and cartoon [edit]

Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a apartment surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural stone surfaces, and wall painting, specially on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on forest panel or canvas have been the well-nigh important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in tempera or oil painting. Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in Eastern asia. Paintings that are intended to go in a volume or album are chosen "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Persian miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in newspaper; forms using gouache, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing.

Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need cartoon skills every bit well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of cartoon, including cartooning and creating comics.

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Mosaics [edit]

Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called tesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An creative person who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic creative person or a mosaicist. Aboriginal Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were pop every bit the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.^[12] Early on Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey).

Printmaking [edit]

Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that tin be reproduced multiple times past a press procedure. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and Eastward Asia. Major celebrated techniques include engraving, woodcut and etching in the Westward, and woodblock press in E Asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-e style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and so photographic techniques have partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into the fine art Old Master print and popular prints, with volume illustrations and other practical images such every bit maps somewhere in the centre.

Except in the case of monotyping, the procedure is capable of producing multiples of the aforementioned piece, which is called a print. Each impress is considered an original, equally opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the impress is non a reproduction of another work of art in a different medium – for example, a painting – simply rather an image designed from inception every bit a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression. Prints are created from a unmarried original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, unremarkably copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of forest for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in the case of screen-printing. But there are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be chosen an edition. In mod times each print is oftentimes signed and numbered forming a "limited edition." Prints may as well exist published in book course, as artist's books. A unmarried print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

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Calligraphy [edit]

Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practise is "the fine art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and good manner".^[13] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstruse expression of the handwritten marking may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.^[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and not-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.^{[14] [xv] [16]}

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Photography [edit]

Fine fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in impress and digital media. Fine fine art photography is created primarily equally an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.

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  Homo Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, n. 13, July 1920

Parallel to this development, the interface between the media, which were largely separate at that fourth dimension, in the narrow understanding of the concept of art, betwixt painting and photography became relevant from an art-historical signal of view in the early on 1960s and mid-1970s through the work of the photograph artists Pierre Cordier (Chimigramme ), Paolo Monti (Chemigram ) and Josef H. Neumann (Chemogram ) closed within a new fine art form. In 1974, Josef H. Neumann Chemogram closed the separation of the painterly footing and the photographic layer by presenting them, in a symbiosis that was unprecedented upwards to that point in time, as an unmistakable unique item in a simultaneous painterly and real photographic perspective within a photographic layer in colors and forms united. ^[17]

• Chemogram and Chimigram

Iii-dimensional works [edit]

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-engineering or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations ofttimes are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings equally the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are of import links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much almost past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.^[18]

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Pottery [edit]

With some modern exceptions, pottery is not considered as art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in archaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, oftentimes painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.

Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no applied purpose, the making of information technology is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial i, involving many participants with different skills.

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Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, usually rock (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created straight past carving; others are assembled, congenital up and fired, welded, molded, or bandage. Considering sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden.

Sculpture in stone survives far improve than works of fine art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may take vanished near entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.^[19]

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  Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; superlative: 203 cm (fourscore in); Louvre

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  The Bust of Louis 14 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles

Conceptual art [edit]

Conceptual fine art is fine art in which the concept(s) or thought(s) involved in the piece of work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and textile concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. Still, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, peculiarly in the UK, developed equally a synonym for all contemporary fine art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[20]

Performing arts [edit]

Music [edit]

Music is an art class and cultural action whose medium is audio organized in fourth dimension. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs tune and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "colour" of a musical audio). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.

The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "art of the Muses").

Dance [edit]

Dance is an fine art form that generally refers to motility of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music,^[21] used as a class of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of nonverbal advice (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such equally a mating trip the light fantastic), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the current of air"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, effigy skating and synchronized pond are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are often compared to dances.

Theatre [edit]

Modern Western theatre is dominated past realism, including drama and comedy. Another pop Western course is musical theatre. Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama, classic English drama (Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater (Molière included), are notwithstanding performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such as Noh and Kabuki can be plant in the W, although with less frequency.

Film [edit]

Fine arts movie is a term that encompasses movement pictures and the field of film as a fine art form. A fine arts picture palace is a venue, commonly a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the earth with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reverberate those cultures, and, in turn, impact them. Moving-picture show is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular amusement and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema requite motion pictures a universal power of advice. Some films have become pop worldwide attractions past using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.

Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography, though many additional problems arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion.

Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie picture show) is a flick initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, concern, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early on 21st century.

Poetry [edit]

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a course of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as audio symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in improver to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.^[22]

Other [edit]

• Advanced music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine art.
• Electronic media – perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, among others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
• Textiles, including quilt art and "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
• Western art (or Classical) music is a performing art often considered to exist fine art.
• Origami – The last century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the improver of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its fourth dimension, with a bloodline catastrophe in engineering science and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered past social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic fine art of the 21st century.^{[23] [24] [25]}

Academic study [edit]

Africa [edit]

• Fine Art Schools, Colleges and Universities in Africa
• South Africa

Asia [edit]

• Kyoto City University of Arts, Japan Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Pattern (Visual, Environmental, and Product), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); also the Scientific discipline of Art and Conservation.
• Tokyo University of the Arts The fine art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Blueprint, Architecture, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and film schools are separate.
• Korean National University Music, Drama, Dance, Film, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Dance and Performing Arts), Pattern, Architecture, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D laser holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and drinking glass).
• The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and bachelor's degrees.
• University of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Art higher in the Indian metropolis of Kolkata, West Bengal.
• Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts is a prestigious fine arts college originally founded in 1937 past a group of young classical musicians in Beirut, in 1988 it was merged with University of Balamand. ALBA is considered a Pioneering Institute in the region with exceptional educational expertise and world-renowned lecturers and instructors.^[26]

Europe [edit]

South America [edit]

• Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial pattern, and music.^[27]

U.s.a. [edit]

In the United States an bookish course of report in art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Md of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some U.s. academic institutions, yet. Major schools of art in the US:

• Yale University, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.^[28]
• Rhode Island School of Pattern, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.^[29]
• Schoolhouse of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.^[30]
• University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA^[31]
• California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA^[32]
• Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA^[33]
• Cranbrook Academy of Fine art, Bloomfield Hills, MI^[34]
• Maryland Institute College of Fine art, Baltimore, Medico^[35]
• Fordham University, (B.F.A)^[36]
• Columbia University, MFA, joint JD/MFA caste, PHD.^[37]
• Juilliard School, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the world's leading music schools, with some of the nearly prestigious arts programs.^{[38] [39] [twoscore]}
• ArtCenter Higher of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, individual college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of art and design fields, likewise every bit public programs for children and loftier school students. U.S. News and Earth Report also ranks Art Heart'south Art, Industrial Pattern and Media Design Practices programs among the summit 20 graduate schools in the U.S.^[41]

Meet as well [edit]

• The arts
• Performance fine art

References [edit]

1. ^ Edgeless, 48–55
2. ^ Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Fine Arts". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 355–375.
3. ^ "Art". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
4. ^ "Aesthetic Judgment". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 July 2010.
5. ^ Drutt, Matthew; Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich; Gurianova, J. (2003). Malevich, Black Foursquare, 1915, Guggenheim New York, exhibition, 2003-2004. ISBN9780892072651 . Retrieved eighteen March 2014.
6. ^ CLOWNEY, DAVID (2011). "Definitions of Art and Art's Historical Origins". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 69 (3): 309–320. doi:ten.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01474.x. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 23883666.
7. ^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Inquiry in the Classroom" (PDF). Academy of South Carolina Beaufort.
8. ^ Clowney, David. "A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner'south The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics . Retrieved 7 May 2013.
9. ^ Blunt, 55
10. ^ Guerzoni, G. (2011). Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italy, 1400–1700. Michigan State University Press. p. 27. ISBN978-1-60917-361-6 . Retrieved 4 July 2020. Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation betwixt fine and useful arts first fell out of mode nearly a century ago. From about 1880 the conception of 'fine art' was ..."
11. ^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Oasis and London: Yale Academy Printing.Kubler, pp. fourteen–15, google books
12. ^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
13. ^ ^{a b} Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
14. ^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Grooming. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
15. ^ Pott, G. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
16. ^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
17. ^ Hannes Schmidt: Remarks to the Chemograms from Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in photography Studio Galerie from Prof. Pan Walther. In: Photo-Presse. Upshot 22, 1976, South. six.
18. ^ The Belfry Span, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.
19. ^ "Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to Jan 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 Jan 2009 at the Wayback Machine
20. ^ Conceptual art Tate online glossary tate.org.uk. Retrieved vii August 2014.
21. ^ Britannica Curtailed Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved eighteen May 2010.
22. ^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
23. ^ Gould, Vanessa. "Between the Folds, a documentary pic".
24. ^ McArthur, Meher (2012). Folding Paper: The Space Possibilities of Origami. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804843386.
25. ^ McArthur, Meher (2020). New Expressions in Origami Art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804853453.
26. ^ "Alexis Boutros, le fondateur de l'Alba – Historique – À propos de fifty'Alba – Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts (Alba) – Université de Balamand". www.alba.edu.lb. Archived from the original on twenty September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
27. ^ "Institute for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
28. ^ "Yale University School of Art". Art.yale.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
29. ^ "Sectionalisation of Fine Arts RISD". Risd.edu. Archived from the original on xiii March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
30. ^ "School of the Art Institute of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
31. ^ "UCLA Department of Art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
32. ^ "California Institute of the Arts Programs". Calarts.edu. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
33. ^ "Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on xiii March 2014. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
34. ^ "Welcome to Cranbrook Academy of Art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
35. ^ "Maryland Institute College of Art". Mica.edu. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
36. ^ "B.F.A. Program". The Ailey School.
37. ^ "Columbia Academy School of the Arts". Arts.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
38. ^ "Still 'best reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times . Retrieved 15 September 2013.
39. ^ Frank Rich (2003). Juilliard . Harry Due north. Abrams. pp. 10. ISBN0-8109-3536-8. Juilliard grew up with both the state and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the tiptop of artistic achievement.
40. ^ "The Top 25 Drama Schools in the World". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
41. ^ "ArtCenter College of Pattern Overall Rankings – Us News Best Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. iii October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

• Blunt Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0198810504

Farther reading [edit]

• Ballard, A. (1898). Arrows; or, Educational activity a fine art. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company.
• Caffin, Charles Henry. (1901). Photography equally a fine art; the achievements and possibilities of photographic art in America. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
• Crane, L., and Whiting, C. G. (1885). Fine art and the germination of gustatory modality: half-dozen lectures. Boston: Chautauqua Press. Affiliate 4 : Fine Arts
• Hegel, One thousand. W. F., and Bosanquet, B. (1905). The introduction to Hegel'southward Philosophy of fine art. London: K. Paul, Trench &.
• Hegel, M. West. F. (1998). Aesthetics: lectures on fine art. Oxford: Clarendon Printing.
• Neville, H. (1875). The stage: its past and present in relation to fine art. London: R. Bentley and Son.
• Rossetti, W. One thousand. (1867). Fine art, chiefly contemporary: notices re-printed, with revisions. London: Macmillan.
• Shiner, Larry. (2003). "The Invention of Fine art: A Cultural History". Chicago: Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3
• Torrey, J. (1874). A theory of fine art. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co.
• ALBA (2018). [i] Archived 20 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art

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